Four-photon interference: a realizable experiment to demonstrate violation of EPR postulates for perfect correlations

Bell's theorem reveals contradictions between the predictions of quantum mechanics and the EPR postulates for a pair of particles only in situations involving imperfect statistical correlations. However, with three or more particles, contradictions emerge even for perfect correlations. We describe an experiment which can be realized in the laboratory, using four-photon entangled states generated by parametric down-conversion, to demonstrate this contradiction at the level of perfect correlations.Comment: publishe

Spontaneous extrusion of gallstones after percutaneous drainage

There have been reports of late discharge of gallstones through operative wounds after spillage into the peritoneal cavity during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and after the development of spontaneous cholecystocutaneous fistulae. However, spontaneous discharge of gallstones from the tract of a percutaneous cholecystostomy or percutaneous drainage of a perforated gall bladder has not, to the best of our knowledge, been reported previously. We report a case in which a patient who had a percutaneous drain inserted for a perforated gall bladder discharged 34 gallstones from the tract after removal of the 7-F pigtail catheter

Quantum correlations from local amplitudes and the resolution of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen nonlocality puzzle

The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen nonlocality puzzle has been recognized as one of the most important unresolved issues in the foundational aspects of quantum mechanics. We show that the problem is resolved if the quantum correlations are calculated directly from local quantities which preserve the phase information in the quantum system. We assume strict locality for the probability amplitudes instead of local realism for the outcomes, and calculate an amplitude correlation function.Then the experimentally observed correlation of outcomes is calculated from the square of the amplitude correlation function. Locality of amplitudes implies that the measurement on one particle does not collapse the companion particle to a definite state. Apart from resolving the EPR puzzle, this approach shows that the physical interpretation of apparently `nonlocal' effects like quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping are different from what is usually assumed. Bell type measurements do not change distant states. Yet the correlations are correctly reproduced, when measured, if complex probability amplitudes are treated as the basic local quantities. As examples we discuss the quantum correlations of two-particle maximally entangled states and the three-particle GHZ entangled state.Comment: Std. Latex, 11 pages, 1 table. Prepared for presentation at the International Conference on Quantum Optics, ICQO'2000, Minsk, Belaru

Boundary Conditions for Unsteady Compressible Flows

This paper explores solutions to the spherically symmetric Euler equations. Motivated by the work of Hagstrom and Hariharan and Geer and Pope, we modeled the effect of a pulsating sphere in a compressible medium. The literature available on this suggests that an accurate numerical solution requires artificial boundary conditions which simulate the propagation of nonlinear waves in open domains. Until recently, the boundary conditions available were in general linear and based on nonreflection. Exceptions to this are the nonlinear nonreflective conditions of Thompson, and the nonlinear reflective conditions of Hagstrom and Hariharan. The former are based on the rate of change of the incoming characteristics; the latter rely on asymptotic analysis and the method of characteristics and account for the coupling of incoming and outgoing characteristics. Furthermore, Hagstrom and Hariharan have shown that, in a test situation in which the flow would reach a steady state over a long time, Thompson's method could lead to an incorrect steady state. The current study considers periodic flows and includes all possible types and techniques of boundary conditions. The technique recommended by Hagstrom and Hariharan proved superior to all others considered and matched the results of asymptotic methods that are valid for low subsonic Mach numbers

Formulation and Evaluation of Bioequivalent Product for Viloxazine Sustained Release Tablets

The main objective of any drug therapy is to achieve a desired concentration of drug in blood or tissue, which is therapeutically effective and non-toxic for an extended period of time. This goal can be achieved by proper design of a sustained release dosage regimen. To achieve this, new technique may be applied to design novel drug delivery systems. The main objective of any drug therapy is to achieve a desired concentration of drug in blood or tissue, which is therapeutically effective and non-toxic for an extended period of time. This goal can be achieved by proper design of a sustained release dosage regimen. To achieve this, new technique may be applied to design novel drug delivery systems

ESTIMATION OF HEMOGLOBIN A1C USING THE COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT MEASURES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES

  Objective: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder occurring either due to the inadequate secretion of insulin or ineffective utilization of insulin by the body. The study was aimed to identify the variations of the complete blood count (CBC) parameters among the diabetic and normal individuals and to derive an empirical formula to estimate hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of an individual using CBC parameters.Methods: A total of 83 subjects (mean age: 52.8±9.0 years) involved in the study, among which 39 (mean age: 49.1±8.8 years) were normal and 44 (mean age: 56±7.8 years) were diabetic. The blood was drawn from the participants and was subjected to CBC analysis using automated hematology analyzer. The stepwise linear regression model was used to determine the empirical formula to estimate HbA1c using the CBC parameters. The Student's t-test was performed to identify the group differences.Results: A negative correlation was observed for Hb (r=−0.35**, p<0.001) and packed cell volume (PCV) (r=−0.23**, p<0.05) against HbA1c. The CBC parameters Hb, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, PCV, red blood cells count, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular Hb exhibited a statistically significant difference at the level (p<0.05) between the normal and diabetic groups. The empirically derived formula yielded sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy measures of 91%, 49%, 67%, 83%, and 71%, respectively, in diagnosing diabetes based on the estimated HbA1c.Conclusion: The empirical formula derived to estimate HbA1c could be useful in the prediction of diabetes with an appreciable accuracy

Correlation of diagnostic efficacy of unhealthy cervix by cytology, colposcopy and histopathology in women of rural areas

Background: The objective was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of pap smear and colposcopy and to study the socio demographic parameters of women with unhealthy cervix. Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted from August 2011 – August 2013 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Pap smear was performed by the conventional method and colposcopy was done for all 200 sexually active women who came with complaints of discharge per vagina, inter menstrual or post coital bleeding. Colposcopy results were analysed. Final correlation of pap smear and colposcopy were based on histopathology.Results: There were 200 samples that were suitable for statistical analysis. The sensitivity of colposcopy was 79.37%, specificity 81.02%, positive predictive value 65.79%, negative predictive value 89.52% respectively and accuracy was 80.5%. Pap smear had a sensitivity of 25.4%, specificity of 99.27%, positive predictive value of 94.12%, negative predictive value of 74.32%, and accuracy of 76.0% respectively.Conclusions: Pap smear had a poorer sensitivity compared to Colposcopy but a better specificity than colposcopy. Hence it may be better to utilise both tests as they complement each other in screening of premalignant lesions of cervix

Conditional probabilities for a single photon at a beam splitter

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